Editorship

Editors are entrusted with the responsibility of ensuring that all submitted manuscripts are evaluated in a fair, unbiased, and timely manner. Decisions must be based solely on the academic merit, originality, clarity, and relevance of the work.

Editors must maintain strict confidentiality regarding submitted manuscripts and must not disclose any information to unauthorized individuals. They are also responsible for avoiding conflicts of interest and ensuring that any such conflicts are disclosed and managed appropriately.

Editorial independence is essential, and decisions must not be influenced by external pressures, including commercial, institutional, or personal considerations.

Ethics

The journal expects all stakeholders to adhere to the highest ethical standards in research and publication. Authors must ensure that their work is original, accurately reported, and conducted ethically.

Reviewers are expected to provide objective, constructive, and confidential feedback, while editors must ensure fairness and transparency throughout the review process.

Any ethical violations, including data fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism, will be addressed seriously and may result in rejection or retraction.

Transparency & Best Practice

The journal promotes transparency in all aspects of publishing, including editorial decisions, peer review processes, and authorship policies.

Clear guidelines are provided to ensure accountability and maintain trust within the academic community.

Plagiarism

The journal maintains a strict zero-tolerance policy toward plagiarism in all its forms. All submitted manuscripts are systematically screened using advanced plagiarism detection software to ensure the originality, authenticity, and integrity of the work. Upholding originality is a fundamental requirement of scholarly publishing and essential for maintaining academic credibility.

Plagiarism includes, but is not limited to, the unattributed use of another author’s work, ideas, data, or words; and improper paraphrasing without acknowledgment:

• All submitted work must be entirely original and must not have been published elsewhere.
• Proper citation and acknowledgment of all sources, including text, data, figures, and ideas, are mandatory.
• Duplicate submission or publication of the same or substantially similar work in multiple journals is strictly prohibited.
• Any use of previously published material must be clearly indicated and appropriately referenced.

Conflict of Interest

All authors, reviewers, and editors are required to disclose any financial, personal, institutional, or professional relationships that could potentially influence or be perceived to influence their objectivity in conducting, evaluating, or presenting research.

A conflict of interest may arise from various sources, including but not limited to financial support personal relationships, academic competition, or intellectual beliefs that may affect impartial judgment.

Informed Consent

Authors must ensure that informed consent is obtained from all participants involved in research involving human subjects. Informed consent is a fundamental ethical requirement that ensures participants are fully aware of the nature, and benefits of the study before agreeing to take part.

Participants should be provided with clear, understandable information about the research in a language they can comprehend, and their participation must be voluntary, without any form of coercion or undue influence.

Confidentiality

The journal is committed to maintaining strict confidentiality throughout the submission, peer review, and publication process. All manuscripts submitted to the journal are treated as confidential documents and must not be disclosed, discussed, or shared with unauthorized individuals at any stage prior to publication.

Editors and reviewers are responsible for safeguarding the confidentiality of the manuscript and any associated materials.

Funding Source

Authors are required to clearly disclose all sources of financial support for the research presented in their manuscript. Transparent reporting of funding sources is essential to maintain the integrity, credibility, and accountability of scholarly work, and to allow readers to assess any potential influence on the research outcomes.

The funding statement should include the name of the funding agency, grant numbers (where applicable), and a brief description of the role of the funder in the study.

Clinical Trials Registration

The journal requires that all clinical trials be registered in a recognized, publicly accessible clinical trial registry prior to the enrollment of participants or at the earliest possible stage of the research. Registration promotes transparency, accountability, and ethical integrity by ensuring that study protocols, objectives, and methodologies are publicly documented and accessible.

Authors must provide the name of the registry, the registration number, and, where applicable, a direct link to the registered trial within the manuscript.

Human & Animal Research

Research involving human participants or animals must be conducted in accordance with recognized ethical standards, institutional guidelines, and applicable national and international regulations.

Authors are required to ensure that their studies have received prior approval from an appropriate ethics committee, institutional review board (IRB), or equivalent authority before the research is undertaken.

Appealing Editorial Decisions

The journal recognizes that authors may, in certain circumstances, wish to appeal an editorial decision regarding their manuscript. Authors have the right to request a reconsideration if they believe that the decision was based on a misunderstanding, procedural error, or an incomplete or biased evaluation of the manuscript.

Appeals must be submitted formally to the editorial office and should be supported by a clear, detailed, and evidence-based justification.

Citations

Authors are required to ensure that all sources used in their research are accurately, appropriately, and consistently cited. Proper citation is essential to acknowledge the original contributions of other researchers, avoid plagiarism, and maintain the integrity and credibility of scholarly communication.

All references must be relevant to the content of the manuscript and should directly support the arguments, data, or methodologies presented. Authors must avoid excessive or inappropriate citations, including citation manipulation practices such as adding irrelevant references solely to increase citation counts or favor specific authors, institutions, or journals.

Reviewer Suggestions

The journal allows authors to suggest potential reviewers who possess relevant expertise in the subject area of the submitted manuscript. These suggestions can assist the editorial team in identifying qualified and knowledgeable reviewers who are capable of providing a thorough and informed evaluation of the work.

Authors are encouraged to recommend reviewers who are independent, have no conflicts of interest, and are not closely associated with the authors or their institutions. Availability of Data & Materials

Data Availability

The journal strongly encourages authors to ensure that the data and materials supporting the findings of their research are made accessible, transparent, and reproducible wherever possible.

Open access to research data enhances the credibility of scholarly work, facilitates verification of results, and promotes further research and collaboration within the academic community. Authors are expected to provide clear statements regarding the availability of data, including where and how the data can be accessed.

Post-publication Corrections

The journal is committed to preserving the accuracy, integrity, and reliability of the scholarly record even after an article has been published.

When errors, omissions, or concerns are identified post-publication, appropriate corrective actions are taken promptly and transparently. Post-publication corrections may arise from issues identified by authors, readers, reviewers, or editors.

Corrections

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy, clarity, and reliability of the scholarly record. When errors are identified in a published article that do not significantly affect the overall results, interpretations, or conclusions, they are addressed through formal corrections.

Corrections may include typographical errors, formatting issues, author name or affiliation inaccuracies, minor data inconsistencies, or errors in figures, tables, or references that do not alter the scientific validity of the work.

Retractions

A retraction is issued when a published article is found to contain serious flaws or ethical violations that significantly compromise the integrity, validity, or reliability of the research.

Retractions are an essential mechanism to maintain the accuracy of the scholarly record and to inform readers that the findings of the article should not be relied upon. Grounds for retraction may include or institutions.

Expressions of Concern

An Expression of Concern is issued by the journal when there are serious doubts regarding the integrity, reliability, or ethical compliance of a published article, but conclusive evidence is not yet available to justify a formal correction or retraction.

Situations that may lead to an Expression of Concern include, but are not limited to, reviewers, or institutions regarding the validity of the research.